We find that general trends in species' responses are consistent with expectations from climate change, including shifts in distribution to higher latitudes and to deeper locations, advances in spring phenology, declines in calcification, and increases in the abundance of warm-water species. We discuss factors that limit or facilitate species' responses, such as fishing pressure, the availability of prey, habitat, light and other resources, and dispersal by ocean currents. We draw on a database of observed climate change impacts on marine species, supplemented with evidence in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We consider observed changes in calcification rates, demography, abundance, distribution, and phenology of marine species. Here, we review evidence for the responses of marine life to recent climate change across ocean regions, from tropical seas to polar oceans. 15Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay, CA, USAĬlimate change is driving changes in the physical and chemical properties of the ocean that have consequences for marine ecosystems.14Farallon Institute, Petaluma, CA, USA.13School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.12Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.11Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.10Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK.8Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.7National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.6Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.5Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.4Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.3Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK.2The Global Change Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.1Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Oceans and Atmosphere, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Halpern 7,8,9, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg 2, Carrie V. Brown 4, Jorge García Molinos 3,5,6, Benjamin S.
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